Sunday, March 27, 2022

C# How To Simulate Mouse Click

This method is the only place where the two imported functions are called, and simply iterates over each of the collections already passed by the StartClickingButton_Click event handler. In each case the current position of the cursor is changed before the method decides on which mouse button to press. Finally the Thread is 'put to sleep' by the .Sleep() method of the Thread class by the allotted time given by the user - which results in a pause between each queued click.

c how to simulate mouse click - This method is the only place where the two imported functions are called

The rest of the program mainly consists of error checking user input, along with allowing the ability to stop the thread at any time and use keyboard shortcuts to set cursor coordinates. You can also simulate mouse clicks by using the MouseDown and MouseUp methods of the Desktop object or the MouseDown and MouseUp methods of the LLPlayer object. You can use these methods to emulate "hold and click" actions, as well as to simulate mouse clicks at any position on screen. Besides the described methods, different program objects, that are used to work with custom controls and menus have their specific actions and methods to simulate user actions on them. For complete information, see Working With Application Objects and Controls. To simulate mouse events from a low-level procedure, record the desired sequence of user actions — moving the mouse, clicking — as a low-level procedure.

c how to simulate mouse click - In each case the current position of the cursor is changed before the method decides on which mouse button to press

See Creating and Recording Low-Level Procedures. After that you can run this low-level procedure to simulate the recorded actions. For more information, see Running Low-Level Procedures. The meat of the application happens in two methods.

c how to simulate mouse click - Finally the Thread is put to sleep by the

Use C# to simulate keyboard input, mouse movement and click, set cursor position and control application display... Thus I thought it was a great opportunity to try out C#'s p/invoke feature which allows the programmer to 'import' unmanaged functions from DLL libraries and use them in a C# application. In your tests, you can simulate mouse actions and mouse wheel events. This topic provides detailed information on how to implement mouse event simulation in your tests. For information on how to simulate mouse wheel rotation, see Simulating Mouse Wheel Rotation. C language Open web pages in the program, simulate mouse clicks, keyboard input 1.

c how to simulate mouse click - The rest of the program mainly consists of error checking user input

Brief introduction Remember-use the C language to open the designated webpage, and simulate mouse clicks and keyboard... Dx:Specifying the absolute position of the mouse along the x-axis or the number of moves since the last mouse event was generated depends on the setting of MOUSEEVENTF_ABSOLUTE. The absolute data given is taken as the actual X coordinate of the mouse; the relative data given is given as the number of moving mickeys. A mickey indicates the number of mouse movements, indicating that the mouse has moved. Step 3 Simulate a left mouse click by pressing "5." Press "+" to double-click.

c how to simulate mouse click - You can also simulate mouse clicks by using the MouseDown and MouseUp methods of the Desktop object or the MouseDown and MouseUp methods of the LLPlayer object

Step 4 Drag and drop by moving the mouse with the numeric keypad. Press "Insert" to simulate holding down the mouse button, and then press the "Delete" key to release. You can also use the Call Object Method operation to simulate mouse events.

c how to simulate mouse click - You can use these methods to emulate

For more information on how to perform typical tasks in keyword tests, see Common Tasks for Keyword Test Operations. Hence, the application receiving the mouse clicks does not have focus and is running as hidden. Some posts mentioned to use WinID program to get info about the buttons for which to send mouse clicks.

c how to simulate mouse click - Besides the described methods

Before simulating a click on a control, TestComplete performs a number of verifications. It finds the target control, determines the point of the click in it, and then checks whether this point is visible on the screen and whether it is overlapped by some other control or window. It is possible that, during the check, the point or entire control becomes overlapped with another control or window, or changes its position . This typically happens with applications and web pages that have animated elements. You can simulate mouse events from a script routine. To do this, call the appropriate methods from your script.

c how to simulate mouse click - For complete information

This program uses the mouse_event API function to simulate mouse movement and to simulate a mouse click. The program's Paint event handler draws some circles around a target point so you can see where it is. Dy:Specifying the absolute position of the mouse along the y-axis or the number of moves since the last mouse event was generated depends on the setting of MOUSEEVENTF_ABSOLUTE.

c how to simulate mouse click - To simulate mouse events from a low-level procedure

The absolute data given is taken as the actual y coordinate of the mouse, and the relative data given is given as the number of moving mickeys. I would like to send mouse clicks to another application (that is not written .net). I am not all that C# guru, my background is embedded systems.

c how to simulate mouse click - See Creating and Recording Low-Level Procedures

This program simulates your mouse and keyboard; user simulates step by step mouse or keyboard actions; when user presses the "start" button, the actions run automatically. As part of a testing project, there will be a time that there will be elements that we have to test using double-click events for triggering some actions. The following code will simulate a "Double-Click" event on a button. As a result, the text located in the first field will be copied to the second one. You can simulate a mouse event from a keyword test by using the On-Screen Action operation with specified parameters.

c how to simulate mouse click - After that you can run this low-level procedure to simulate the recorded actions

You can create a sequence of simulated events by adding the desired number of the On-Screen Action operations to the test. Each of these actions have parameters that specify window-related coordinates of the event. The click, double-click and drag actions have an additional parameter that specifies the keys or a combination of keys that are pressed during simulating an event.

c how to simulate mouse click - For more information

The reason that I built this code is to save me a lot of time. When I test my code , I need to run the application and do the same step over and over again. All of the steps are by mouse and keyboard; some of them take a few seconds, others take more. So I built a program that simulates my mouse and keyboard. I.e running application in hidden style and sending mouse events. With a form a custom control, use the InvokeOnClick method to simulate a mouse click.

c how to simulate mouse click - The meat of the application happens in two methods

This is a protected method that can only be called from within the form or a derived custom control. For example, the following code clicks a checkbox from button1 . Press "Insert" to simulate holding down the mouse button, and then press the "Delete" key to release.

c how to simulate mouse click - Use C to simulate keyboard input

Next the program uses the mouse_event API function to move the mouse to the target position and to click the mouse. Because this simulates a normal mouse click event, the form's Click event handler executes and draws an X at the target point. Using the WebBrowser control I am able to call an event when the mouse button is manually clicked, but I want the program to do the click itself, not do something when I manually perform the click. We need to use mouse_event function, which is located in user32.dll library file, so we must first declare references. DwFlags:Flag is set, specify the click buttons and a variety... Keybd_event can trigger a button event, which means that a WM_KEYDOWN or WM_KEYUP message is generated.

c how to simulate mouse click - Thus I thought it was a great opportunity to try out Cs pinvoke feature which allows the programmer to import unmanaged functions from DLL libraries and use them in a C application

Of course, you can also use these two messages to simulate the button, but it is not convenient to use this function directly. The first one is the virtual key value of the button. For example, the enter key is vk_return and the tab key is vk_tab. If it is keyup, it is set to "KEYEVENTF_KEYUP".

c how to simulate mouse click - In your tests

But I cannot find out how to then simulate a left mouse click as the next step. Any help from anyone who could provide an answer for an absolute newbie to powershell would be warmly appreciated. To avoid the problem, you have to use test commands that will pause the test execution until the animation is over. The easiest way to achieve this is to use test commands that delay test execution for some time. A more sophisticated approach is to use the Wait methods that pause the test execution until the object state changes.

c how to simulate mouse click - This topic provides detailed information on how to implement mouse event simulation in your tests

For instance, you can determine properties, whose values change during the animation , and use the WaitProperty method to pause the test run until the property gets the needed value. See Waiting for an Object to Have a Specific Property Value and Waiting for Object State Changes. Enter the constant, that specifies whether the SHIFT, CTRL or ALT key is pressed during the click. For instance, if you enter the skAlt constant, the ALT key will be pressed during the click.

c how to simulate mouse click - For information on how to simulate mouse wheel rotation

For information about possible values, see TShiftKey. In our case, this parameter is equal to skNoShift. Drag, DragR, DragM - Simulates a dragging operation performed with the left, right or middle mouse button. DblClick, DblClickR, DblClickM - Simulates a double-click performed with the left, right or middle mouse button.

c how to simulate mouse click - C language Open web pages in the program

Click, ClickR, ClickM - Simulates a single click performed with the left, right or middle mouse button. How to simulate mouse movements and click operation using c#. If I corectly understand, you want to inject a click event inside an application without having to move the mouse, like a game bot, so the user don't see sumthing is using his mouse and keyboard... How do you simulate Mouse clicks in C# winforms applications?

c how to simulate mouse click - Brief introduction Remember-use the C language to open the designated webpage

I have combined several sources to produce the code below, which I am currently using. I have also removed the Windows.Forms references so I can use it from console and WPF applications without additional references. To show that you can press any combination of SHIFT, CTRL, and ALT at the same time when pressing other buttons, put the codes of those buttons in parentheses. For example, to say that pressing the Shift key while pressing E and C, use "+". To illustrate that pressing the SHIFT button while pressing E, then pressing C instead of SHIFT uses "+EC". Each button is represented by one or more characters.

c how to simulate mouse click - DxSpecifying the absolute position of the mouse along the x-axis or the number of moves since the last mouse event was generated depends on the setting of MOUSEEVENTFABSOLUTE

In order to specify a single keyboard character, you must press the key of the character itself. For example, to represent the letter A, you can use "A" as the string. In order to represent multiple characters, you must add another character directly after the character.

c how to simulate mouse click - The absolute data given is taken as the actual X coordinate of the mouse the relative data given is given as the number of moving mickeys

For example, to represent A, B, and C, use "ABC" as the string. Is it possible to click programmatically a location in another window without moving the mouse to that location and even if the window is not on-top? I want to send a kind of message to another window to simulate a mouse click on a location. I am pretty sure that Selenium simulates actual mouse clicks when you use .Click() on a WebElement.

c how to simulate mouse click - A mickey indicates the number of mouse movements

The purpose of Selenium in end to end testing is to simulate the actual experience a user will have and that includes using a mouse to click on the elements in a web page. In the box that appears, type Ease of Access mouse settings and press Enter . I'm trying to figure this out for a personal project of mine. In this case it needs to simulate a mouse click at a certain position on the screen.

c how to simulate mouse click - Step 3 Simulate a left mouse click by pressing

I got the following code but I want it to trigger from a button click.... To programatically "click" a button, you should use the Button.PerformClick () method, as more than one event handler may be added to the click event, which would not be called otherwise. I have tried the code that Marcos posted and it didn't worked for me. Whatever i was given to the Y coordinate the cursor didn't moved on Y axis.

c how to simulate mouse click - Step 4 Drag and drop by moving the mouse with the numeric keypad

The code below will work if you want the position of the cursor relative to the left-up corner of your desktop, not relative to your application. For example, means that the LEFT ARROW key is pressed 42 times; means that the H key is pressed 10 times. Class to perform the "drag-and-drop" operations in this recipe. To drag an element onto another element and drop it, we first need to locate the 'Source' and 'Target' elements and pass them as input to the dragAndDrop() method of the Actions class.

c how to simulate mouse click - Press

We can now call this unmanaged function as we would any other method already in our project. However to make good use of them, we need to find out a bit more information on each of the parameters. The question came to me from our team, we are using the WebDriver for our browser testing and accessing our pages using the Page Object model.

c how to simulate mouse click - You can also use the Call Object Method operation to simulate mouse events

There is a sporadic problem with a page that begins to load but doesn't fully display due to background processes. I was asked if the access is using mouse clicks, which is something I don't remember if WebDriver is doing. I want to simulate mouse click on x, y position. Spy++ doesn't show anything in message when i'm clicking in game.

c how to simulate mouse click - For more information on how to perform typical tasks in keyword tests

You can also enable Mouse Keys without having to go through the Control Panel by pressing ALT + Left SHIFT + NUM LOCK at the same time. Note that you have to use the left SHIFT key as the right one will not work. Click on Set up Mouse Keys to configure all the options and settings. I have a program running on my PC that controls a Mac via TeamViewer. It all works fine except that sending a mouseclick requires TeamViewer to be in foreground.

c how to simulate mouse click - Hence

Because it's wrong to turn to the main thread from another thread, I use SynchronizationContext class. I will not expand on this issue in this article although it's a great solution to fixed cross thread problem. The above is to use the sendinput function The following is using the keybd_event function demo ... DwData:If dwFlags is MOUSEEVENTF_WHEEL, dwData specifies the number of mouse wheel movements. A positive value indicates that the mouse wheel is rotating forward, ie away from the user; a negative value indicates that the mouse wheel is turning backwards, ie towards the user.

c# how to simulate mouse click

Friday, February 4, 2022

Tenths Of Hours To Minutes Chart

There is more to converting hours and minutes to decimals than simply adding a period between those hours and minutes. For example, if your employee works 40 hours and 23 minutes one week, you can't multiply 40.23 by the hourly pay to get the correct wage. Instead, the minutes must be converted to decimals. Converting minutes to decimals is simple enough by dividing the minutes by 60. For example, 23 minutes is .38 decimal hours. See our quick minutes to decimal conversion chart below.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - There is more to converting hours and minutes to decimals than simply adding a period between those hours and minutes

Quickly convert hours and minutes to decimals with our time clock conversionfor payroll chart. Reduce mistakes and speed up processing time! Accurate payroll requires tracking the hours your employees work, and converting those hours to dollars and cents. The whole process gets a little trickier when you have to translate the hours and minutes to decimals.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - For example

Our employee time clock calculator automatically does time clock conversion from hours and minutes to decimal time. It can also calculate military time for payroll with the 24 hour military time clock setting. You can specify how you want to round decimal hours in the calculator settings. Time clock conversion means converting your employees' work hours and minutes into decimals—in order to calculate their salaries.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Instead

Here's an hours calculator you can use to do just that. Just enter times from your employees' time cards on the left to get the decimal hours on the right. I am constucting a time sheet that is driving me nuts. The following formula calculates the employees total time worked in one day . The input cells (time in/out) are time formated.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Converting minutes to decimals is simple enough by dividing the minutes by 60

The total hours worked cell is formated as number w/2 decimal places. I can not come up with the correct formula to convert the decimals to tenths of hours and have it match my companies conversion chart. Minutes to Decimal Hours In this post, I am going to show you how to create a formula to convert time duration into tenths of an hour using Excel. The most likely reason you might need this is for reporting payroll hours worked. Our organization defines the conversion of minutes to decimal hours in Appendix C – Leaves / Absence Reporting.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - For example

Your employees can use our time tracking software to seamlessly log their hours. The data is then automatically fed to payroll, so you don't need to worry about time clock conversion or timesheet calculators. Besides turning hours and minutes into decimal hours, you may also need to convert time from the 24-hour clock to the 12-hour format (am/pm). This is necessary if your employee time cards are set to the 24-hour format, for example. Want to dive right into time clock conversions?

tenths of hours to minutes chart - See our quick minutes to decimal conversion chart below

Just type in the hours and minutes below and our free time card calculator will automatically convert that to decimals for you. A great way to track employee hours and convert minutes to decimals is by using payroll software. Additions and subtractions for time done on a calculator without converting minutes to tenths or hundredths causes confusion when verifying or calculating employee hours. A professional service firm bills a client by multiplying the time each employee works on the client by the employee's hourly rate and summing the results. Most firms convert a fraction of an hour into tenths of an hour. For example, five hours and 36 minutes becomes 5.6 hours.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Quickly convert hours and minutes to decimals with our time clock conversionfor payroll chart

If you have a spreadsheet with the total time in minutes that each employee spent on a client, you can convert it to tenths of an hour using a spreadsheet such as Excel. Tracking hours for invoicing in the most efficient, accurate way is key to lawyer productivity and maximizing billable hours. By tracking time more accurately, you can help yourself meet billable hours targets, while also ensuring clients are invoiced correctly and clearly. Another common type of decimal time is decimal hours. In 1896, Henri de Sarrauton of the Oran Geographical Society proposed dividing the 24 hours of the day each into 100 decimal minutes, and each minute into 100 decimal seconds.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Reduce mistakes and speed up processing time

Although endorsed by the Bureau des Longitudes, this proposal failed, but using decimal fractions of an hour to represent the time of day instead of minutes has become common. Convert minutes to decimals All you need to do is divide your minutes by 60. For example, say your employee worked 20 hours and 15 minutes during the week. Divide your total minutes by 60 to get your decimal. For this pay period, your employee worked 20.25 hours.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Accurate payroll requires tracking the hours your employees work

First, you have to take the information from her weekly time card or timesheet that contains her clock-in and clock-out times (psssst....free timecard templates here). Then you need to multiply the number of hours she worked by her hourly rate to determine her weekly total pay. To calculate payroll to the precise minute rather than by rounding, you need to convert the minutes to a decimal. You do this by dividing the minutes worked by 60. You then have the hours and minutes in numerical form, which you can multiply by the wage rate.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The whole process gets a little trickier when you have to translate the hours and minutes to decimals

Here are short and long conversion charts for minutes to decimal hours which can help people who are entering hours in hours and minutes. Usually you get records of employees' time worked in hours and minutes. But hours and minutes aren't directly equal to money owed. Because one hour contains 60 minutes, and not 100.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Our employee time clock calculator automatically does time clock conversion from hours and minutes to decimal time

You need to convert time into decimal numbers to figure out your employees' exact pay rate. Click in cell E2 and enter a formula to convert the total minutes into hours and tenths of an hour. Gradually build the formula one piece at a time by separating the logic into steps.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - It can also calculate military time for payroll with the 24 hour military time clock setting

Payroll administrators can calculate employee time card hours and minutes worked per week or pay period. Print out or email time card reports to save or share. Time-tracking software can automatically convert time to tenths of an hour.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - You can specify how you want to round decimal hours in the calculator settings

If you find it difficult to figure your timesheet using a chart, consider purchasing a timekeeping app to make time tracking easier. Virtual TimeClock is powerful, easy-to-use employee time and attendance software. Virtual TimeClock provides several options for time roundingwhich are applied automatically before totaling hours for payroll. For more information about Virtual TimeClock, drop us a noteor get started with a free trial with no obligation. With this in mind, there are tools that lawyers can use to make it faster and easier to calculate and log their hours—like a billable hours chart.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Time clock conversion means converting your employees work hours and minutes into decimalsin order to calculate their salaries

By billing in standard time increments and using an attorney billable hours chart, you can spend less time trying to calculate your billable hours manually. Say your employee worked 10 hours and 13 minutes. You multiply 10.13 by their hourly rate to get their gross wage. This is the incorrect way to convert minutes for payroll.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Here

We also have a time card calculator that allows you to enter an entire week of in and out times. It then auto calculates the hours, including lunch and overtime. Of if you want to completely automate time, check out employee time tracking by OnTheClock. If you don't want to use a conversion calculator , another basic tool is a decimal conversion chart. When you have to turn, say, 17 hours and 25 minutes in decimals, you can easily check the conversion table and see that this equals 17.42 hours.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Just enter times from your employees time cards on the left to get the decimal hours on the right

If you do not like to remember formulas, you can use Convert Time utility of Kutools for Excel to convert time to decimal hours or minutes or seconds by a click. It would be very desirable that all divisions, for example of the livre, the sou, the toise, the day, the hour, etc. would be from tens into tens. Further, the new tierce would be divided into 1000 quatierces, which he called "microscopic points of time". He also suggested a week of 10 days and dividing the year into 10 "solar months".

tenths of hours to minutes chart - I am constucting a time sheet that is driving me nuts

These and similar questions often present minor difficulties. Unlike many other units, time units are not always converted into each other using the familiar decimal system as powers of ten (i.e., 10, 100, 1,000 etc.). There are 365 days in a year, 24 hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The following formula calculates the employees total time worked in one day

Manually converting employee hours and minutes to decimal values is time-consuming and prone to errors. All you need to do is divide your minutes by 60. A billable hours chart is an attorney billable hours template. It is a simple table to help you quickly calculate how many increments of an hour to charge, based on how long you worked.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The input cells time inout are time formated

When tracking billable hours manually with a billable hours chart, most lawyers adhere to 1/10th of an hour (aka six-minute) increments. To calculate actual hours worked, you need the total hours and minutes for each employee for the pay period. In today's culture, the "week" is a common unit of time comprising seven days.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The total hours worked cell is formated as number w2 decimal places

However, it is neither a legal unit nor a physical unit of time in terms of the International System of Units, compared to seconds, minutes or hours. Time tracking apps like ExakTime's Time Clock App make it easy for your company to track all of the hours your employees work, without the hassle of paper time cards. But the really brilliant part of these ingenious apps is their ability to automatically sync to payroll.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - I can not come up with the correct formula to convert the decimals to tenths of hours and have it match my companies conversion chart

Refer to the chart when you figure your timesheet entries. Use whole numbers for hours and tenths of hours for minutes. For example, if you spent four-and-one-half hours on a task, enter 4.5 on your timesheet. If you spent 24 minutes on a task, enter 0.4 on your timesheet. Some decimal time proposals are based upon alternate units of metric time. Just as standard time uses the metric time unit of the second as its basis, proposed decimal time scales may use alternative metric units.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Minutes to Decimal Hours In this post

Read on to learn all about converting minutes for payroll, including payroll conversion steps to follow and methods for tracking converted minutes. If you want to pay hourly employees for partial hours worked, you need to learn how to convert minutes for payroll. The minutes to tenths of hours conversion follows the chart on the back of the white University timecards. The military time minutes conversion chart below is an ultra-fast tool for this type of calculation. For example, if you have 1.45 hours, then take .45X60.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The most likely reason you might need this is for reporting payroll hours worked

From the people at Calculator Soup, this free time card calculator keeps track of work hours, breaks and pay on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. It allows multiple breaks per day and can auto-deduct breaks from your total hours worked. Tenth hour rounding rounds employee start and stop times to the nearest 1/10th of an hour. The chart below shows an example of how start times are rounded using tenth hour rounding during the hour of 8 o'clock.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Our organization defines the conversion of minutes to decimal hours in Appendix C  Leaves  Absence Reporting

Remember, one tenth of an hour is 6 minutes. Time rounding allows employees to clock in within a few minutes of their shift start or stop time and not be counted early or late for payroll. Rounding also helps employers prevent small amounts of overtime from adding up to count for daily or weekly overtime during payroll calculations. Instead of manually calculating or using a chart to determine time increments, Clio lets you pre-set rates and automatically round time entries to the increment.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Your employees can use our time tracking software to seamlessly log their hours

This way, you are more accurate without spending time and energy manually calculating or referring to a billable hours chart. This blog post will explore how a billable hours chart can help lawyers better track time for invoicing. Also, we'll cover how other tools can make tracking attorney hours even easier and more accurate.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - The data is then automatically fed to payroll

For example, decimal days divide the day into 10 equal parts, and decimal years divide the year into 10 equal parts. Decimals are easier to plot than both minutes and seconds, which uses the sexagesimal numbering system, hours, months and days, which has irregular month lengths. In astronomy, the so-called Julian day uses decimal days centered on Greenwich noon. The Toulouse Chamber of Commerce adopted a resolution supporting his proposal in April 1897. Although widely published, the proposal received little backing. If you plan to convert minutes yourself, be sure to use the three steps above and take advantage of the payroll conversion chart.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Besides turning hours and minutes into decimal hours

Next, add the converted minutes to your total hours. Your employee worked 41 hours and 7 minutes this week. There's a right way and a wrong way to convert minutes for payroll.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - This is necessary if your employee time cards are set to the 24-hour format

If you're not converting minutes, you might be overpaying and underpaying employees. When filling out a timesheet for your work hours, you might find your company requires all working hours to be marked in tenths of an hour. This means you must write "8.8" instead of 8 3/4 hours, for example. Calculating time in tenths is quite straightforward and can be easily memorized if necessary.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Want to dive right into time clock conversions

When converting to tenths, you are basically taking the number of minutes past the hour and turning it into a decimal point. Work out the exact number of hours and minutes worked on your shift. This tutorial will demonstrate how to convert minutes to hours or hours to minutes in Excel & Google Sheets.

tenths of hours to minutes chart - Just type in the hours and minutes below and our free time card calculator will automatically convert that to decimals for you

C# How To Simulate Mouse Click

This method is the only place where the two imported functions are called, and simply iterates over each of the collections already passed b...